Tag: medication abortion

Misoprostol-Only Medication Abortion Regimen

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Political Climate

After the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision to eliminate the constitutional protections for abortion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization in June 2022, access to mifepristone and abortion services in general are being threatened across the country.

An ongoing anti-abortion lawsuit in Texas seeks to reverse mifepristone’s FDA approval and remove it from the market, even in states where abortion is legal.

This won’t shut down medication abortion altogether, but it will limit treatment options. In the unfortunate case that mifepristone is taken off the market, we need to be prepared to use other regimens such as misoprostol-only.

 

Background

Misoprostol can safely be used alone for medication abortion if mifepristone is not available. It is used off-label for abortion because it is effective at inducing uterine contractions and cervical ripening.

Evidence from a range of sources including randomized control trials, a meta-analysis, a retrospective review and others, shows that misoprostol-only successfully terminates around 80-100% of pregnancies without needing procedural intervention.1 

 

Safety

Side effects for the misoprostol-only regimen are similar to the combined mifepristone and misoprostol regimen, however they may last longer due to the multiple doses.

Beyond vaginal bleeding, other common side effects of misoprostol include nausea, abdominal pain and cramping, diarrhea, and fever/chills. Major complications requiring hospital admission, blood transfusions, or surgery are rare and occur in <1% of cases.1 Patients should seek medical attention if they experience heavy bleeding that soaks 2 full-size pads per hour for 2 consecutive hours, a persistent fever over 100°F that lasts more than 4 hours, severe abdominal pain that is unresponsive to pain medications, or general malaise that lasts over 24 hours after the last misoprostol dose.

It’s critical to acknowledge that self-managed abortions occur and that they may increase, especially in states with severe abortion bans. Available data on self-managed abortions suggest a low prevalence of serious adverse outcomes.2

Pharmacists have been publicly deemed as some of the most trusted healthcare professionals, and it’s important to think about how we can be a safe resource for patients who do seek support for adverse events while protecting them and ourselves from legal repercussions.

 

Sample Protocol

The following sample protocol is endorsed by the Society of Family Planning.3 Providers may use it for guidance when screening patients in-person or through telehealth. Of note, the buccal route of administration is not included in this protocol, but is commonly used as well.

 

Eligibility Criteria 

  • Pregnancy confirmed by urine, serum test, or ultrasound 
  • Gestational age ≤ 12 weeks 
  • None of the following risk factors or symptoms of ectopic pregnancy:
    • Vaginal bleeding or spotting within the past week
    • Pelvic pain within the last week 
    • Prior ectopic pregnancy or tubal surgery
    • IUD currently in uterus or at time of conception
  • No history of hemorrhagic disorder or concurrent anticoagulant therapy
  • No history of allergy to misoprostol or other prostaglandin 
  • Patient has made an informed decision to use misoprostol-only for abortion

Treatment

  • Misoprostol 800 mcg sublingually or vaginally every 3 hours for at least 3-4 doses per clinician judgment
    • Sublingual route: put all 4 pills under the tongue and leave them there for 30 minutes, then swallow what’s left with water
    • Vaginal route: wash hands, lie down, and use finger to insert 4 pills as high up into the vagina as able to and stay lying down for 30 minutes. Moistening each tablet with a few drops of water before insertion may improve effectiveness
  • Analgesics, antipyretic, antiemetics, antidiarrheals as indicated or needed per the clinician

Follow-up

  • Confirm abortion completion by one of the following:
    • Urine pregnancy test 4 weeks after misoprostol use
      • If positive, evaluate with ultrasound or serum HCG tests
    • Ultrasound or pelvic examination 1-2 weeks after misoprostol use 
    • Serial serum HCG testing
      • First test on the day of initial misoprostol ingestion
      • Second test 1-2 weeks later

 

References

  1. Society of Family Planning. (2023). Misoprostol Only is Safe and Effective [fact sheet]. Retrieved from https://societyfp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/SFP_ScienceSays_misoprostol.pdf
  2. Aiken ARA, Romanova EP, Morber JR, Gomperts R. Safety and effectiveness of self-managed medication abortion provided using online telemedicine in the United States: A population based study. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022;10:100200. doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100200 
  3. Raymond EG, Mark A, Grossman D, et al. Medication abortion with misoprostol-only: A sample protocol [published online ahead of print, 2023 Feb 26]. Contraception. 2023;109998. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2023.109998


michelle (2)About the Author

Michelle Chung, Pharm.D Candidate, is a 4th-year student pharmacist in the Class of 2023 at the University of Washington School of Pharmacy. Michelle completed an elective APPE rotation with Birth Control Pharmacist.

Upcoming Changes to the Mifepristone REMS Program: Implications for Pharmacy Practice

Mifepristone REMS Change

Pharmacists in the community setting may soon have the opportunity to ease access to medication abortion in the United States. In the coming months, mifepristone (Mifeprex) is anticipated to have an updated Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) Program that allows dispensing through local brick-and-mortar and mail-order pharmacies. This change will integrate pharmacists into abortion care and bring them to the forefront of the national discussion about reproductive rights. Staying up to date on new regulations and their legal implications is paramount for successfully navigating this new role pharmacists can play in reproductive health and providing the best patient care.

Background

Mifepristone (Mifeprex) and misoprostol (Cytotec) are used together for medication abortion, or drug-induced interuterine pregnancy termination. Since 2000, this medication combination has provided pregnant patients with a safe, noninvasive means to end an unwanted but otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy. Patients first take mifepristone, followed by misoprostol in 24 to 48 hours. While misoprostol is dispensed at the prescriber’s office or a local pharmacy, there have historically been strict dispensing regulations on mifepristone.

In order to access medication abortion, patients must first make an appointment with a reproductive healthcare provider to ensure that there are no contraindications to this method of pregnancy termination. Prior to the coronavirus-19 pandemic, the prescriber of mifepristone was the only individual allowed to dispense this medication. Patients were required to be physically present with the prescriber to obtain mifepristone. Appointments to receive this medication often occur after the initial pregnancy screenings, and barriers to abortion such as intimidation by protestors and geographical proximity to clinics severely limited patient access to this service. 

During the coronavirus pandemic, enforcement of the in-person dispensing requirement has been relaxed with the condition that adherence to all other requirements included in the Patient Agreement Form be maintained, allowing for the utilization of mail to dispense mifepristone, either mailed to the patient from the clinic or a partner mail-order pharmacy. This temporary change has not only allowed greater access to medication abortion, but has led to increased calls for the permanent modification of the REMS Program associated with mifepristone.

More information on medication abortion can be found here.

Forthcoming FDA Update to the Mifepristone REMS Program

The success of the pandemic-spurred dispense by mail model emboldened advocacy for adjusting the provisions associated with mifepristone. Though no formal announcement was made, the FDA’s question and answer webpage on mifepristone was updated on December 16, 2021 to include upcoming changes. After a comprehensive review of the safety data collected through mifepristone’s REMS Program, the FDA indicated that an updated REMS is appropriate and should include pharmacy dispensing of this medication. 

While this change brings a groundbreaking transformation to safe abortion access in the United States, there are limitations on its timely implementation into pharmacy practice. Customary with the FDA’s policies for updating REMS requirements, REMS modification notification letters have been sent to the manufacturers of Mifeprex and generic mifepristone. The manufacturers, Danco Laboratories and GenBioPro, will draft an updated REMS Program and submit it to the FDA for approval. Once approved, the modifications to the REMS Program will be in effect. Pharmacies will need to be certified to dispense mifepristone.

This change will only affect the dispensing aspect of mifepristone use. The requirements associated with the safe prescribing of this medication will likely remain the same.

How to Prepare for Changes to Pharmacy Practice 

Though the details of the updated REMS Program are not yet public, there are steps that pharmacists can take in order to prepare for this change.

  • Become familiar with the websites for Mifeprex and mifepristone from Danco Laboratories and GenBioPro. The current process for prescribers to certify to prescribe and dispense this product, the Prescriber Agreement Form, is relatively straightforward. It is likely that the certification process for pharmacies will be similar.

  • Complete a continuing pharmacy education program on medication abortion to get acquainted with the adverse events, contraindications, counseling points, and follow up requirements associated with mifepristone and misoprostol.

  • Develop pharmacy policies regarding the dispensing of this medication. If a pharmacist on staff is not willing to verify and dispense a mifepristone prescription, there should be reasonable alternatives in place to ensure patient access to this medication.

  • Identify local resources for patients. In states where abortion restrictions are in place, it is incredibly important to stay up to date on the options that patients have for safe and effective reproductive care. 

Conclusions

Pharmacists have been and continue to be the most accessible healthcare providers to patients. With the upcoming modification to mifepristone’s REMS Program, pharmacists can play a larger role in patients’ reproductive health. Commitment to lifelong learning is an essential component of effective pharmacy practice. Regardless of personal beliefs, we as healthcare providers have a responsibility to practice in an educated way that is respectful of our patients’ autonomy and right to care within the law.

 


MuscatAbout the Author

 

Jacqueline Muscat is a pharmacy student in the Class of 2023 at University of Michigan College of Pharmacy.

Present and Future Pharmacist Roles in Medication Abortion Care

Medication Abortion Pharmacist

Educational programming for pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists on medication abortion is limited.

Twenty years ago, the FDA approved mifepristone. Since then, medication has transformed the accessibility of abortion. In 2017, about 39% of abortions in the United States were medication abortions, reflecting many people’s preference for this option.1 As reproductive health services are transforming, it is important that pharmacy services become adaptive to them.

What is medication abortion?

A medication abortion is the use of medications to end a pregnancy. There are a couple of medication abortion regimens, but the only regimen approved by the FDA is a combination of mifepristone and misoprostol to end a pregnancy up to 70 days gestation.2

First, a patient takes 200 mg of mifepristone orally followed by 800 mcg of misoprostol buccally, 24-48 hours after the mifepristone dose. After 7-14 days, the patient must follow-up with a health care provider.2

Mifepristone works by binding competitively to the intracellular progesterone receptor, thus blocking the effects of progesterone that support the pregnancy.3 Misoprostol works by inducing contractions in the myometrium as well as relaxation of the cervix.4

According to a systematic review performed by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG), medication abortion was 97% effective up to 70 days after gestation.5

Present pharmacist roles with medication abortion

Right now, the pharmacist role with medication abortion is minimal as patients receive their dose of mifepristone in the clinic to take either at that time or at home. A prescription for misoprostol may be filled at a pharmacy to be picked up by the patient. Pharmacists will counsel patients on how to take the misoprostol and what to expect with this medication.

Mifepristone is only able to be dispensed at a clinic as a result of restrictions in place as part of the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, with an exception allowing mail order during the pandemic. The purpose of REMS is to assure that a medication’s benefits outweigh its risks. Recently, there have been studies on the safety of mifepristone to determine whether the REMS requirements are necessary or not.

Future pharmacist roles with medication abortion

According to articles published in the New England Journal of Medicine and Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, the REMS restrictions on mifepristone use have been deemed medically unnecessary as the rates of adverse events and mortality are extremely low. Since its approval, only 19 deaths have been reported to the FDA out of over 3 million patients who had taken mifepristone giving it a mortality rate of 0.00063%.6 Additionally, analysis of data from studies of over 423,000 women, which demonstrated that nonfatal serious adverse events from mifepristone use ranged from 0.01-0.7% and were almost always able to be treated.6

There are research studies underway to evaluate no-test medication abortion protocols, medication abortion telehealth services, and pharmacy dispensing of mifepristone. As new information emerges, there will be more opportunities for pharmacists to have a role in medication abortion care.

Educational programming for pharmacy students and practicing pharmacists on medication abortion is limited. The University of California San Francisco’s Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (ANSIRH) recently released a home study continuing pharmacy education program titled “Pharmacists’ Role in Medication Abortion” that is free and open to all. Birth Control Pharmacist has an open access introductory curriculum that can be integrated into pharmacy curricula.

Conclusion

In summary, medication abortion is a critical and common component of women’s health and reproductive health services. Although there are currently restrictions on the ways that patients can obtain a medication abortion, this many soon change and pharmacists will be an important part of access.

This article was originally published in Pharmacy Times.

REFERENCES

  1. Jones RK, Witwer E and Jerman J, Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2017, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2019, Accessed September 8, 2020. https://www.guttmacher.org/report/abortion-incidence-service-availability-us-2017
  2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Mifeprex (mifepristone) information, 2018. Accessed September 20, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information
  3. Mifeprex (mifepristone) [prescribing information]. New York, NY: Danco Laboratories, LLC; April 2019.
  4. Cytotec (misoprostol) [prescribing information]. New York, NY: Pfizer; February 2018.
  5. Chen, MJ, Creinin, MD. Mifepristone with buccal misoprostol for medical abortion: A systematic review. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2015;126(1), 12-21. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0v4749ss.
  6. Mifeprex REMS Study Group, Sixteen years of overregulation: time to unburden Mifeprex, N Eng J Med, 2017;376(8):790-794,https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsb1612526.
  7. Raifman S, Orlando M, Rafie S, Grossman D. Medication abortion: potential for improved patient access through pharmacies. 2018;58(4):377-81.


About the AuthorBreanna Headshot

Breanna Failla is a pharmacy student in the Class of 2022 at Midwestern University in Illinois. Breanna completed a summer internship with Birth Control Pharmacist.